Many different taxonomies of teamwork behaviors have been proposed, but common examples include coordination, communication, conflict management, and motivation. A key aspect of the definition is that processes represent interactions that take place among team members. Processes are the mediating mechanisms that convert inputs to outputs. Environmental factors capture the broader context in which groups operate, such as reward structure, stress level, task characteristics, and organizational culture. Examples of group-level factors are work structure, team norms, and group size. Individual-level factors are what group members bring to the group, such as motivation, personality, abilities, experiences, and demographic attributes. Inputs reflect the resources that groups have at their disposal and are generally divided into three categories: individual-level factors, group-level factors, and environmental factors. In its simplest form, the model is depicted as the following: Similarly, the IPO model has a causal structure, in that outputs are a function of various group processes, which are in turn influenced by numerous input variables. The framework is based on classic systems theory, which states that the general structure of a system is as important in determining how effectively it will function as its individual components. The input-process-output model has historically been the dominant approach to understanding and explaining team performance and continues to exert a strong influence on group research today. Outputs are the results of group activity that are valued by the team or the organization. Inputs are the conditions that exist prior to group activity, whereas processes are the interactions among group members. Although these models differ in a number of aspects, they share the commonality of being grounded in an input-process-output (IPO) framework. Substantial research has been conducted on the variables that influence team effectiveness, yielding several models of team functioning. It is therefore crucial to determine the factors that lead to effective as well as ineffective team processes and to better specify how, why, and when they contribute. Much of the work in organizations is accomplished through teams.
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